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During oxidative phosphorylation, the electron transport chain in the inner membrane produces a large number of ROS [81]

Peptides MOTS-c: Enhances mitochondrial efficiency and antioxidant defense

cerevisiae , excess glucose promotes ethanol production, reducing energy efficiency and biomass yield (Zhang et al., 2022)

NAD + is a supplement that can boost the production of this enzyme in the body

Together with a small quantity in the ovary and gastrointestinal (GI) tract, its significant amount is found in the bone marrow, cerebral fluid, and bile juice

Future studies should quantify dietary patterns and target gut microbiota metabolism to advance early depression prevention and deepen understanding of diet-microbiota-depression links