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Free radicals are formed during sperm preparation and washing

Visfatin plays a significant role in macrophage activation, particularly in promoting inflammatory responses

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demonstrated that BMSC-Exos reduces ROS in A-exposed hippocampal neurons in vitro and mitigates oxidative damage [119]

Excessive ROS disrupt the oxidation-antioxidant balance, activate inflammatory cell signals, and induce endothelial cell dysfunction through mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, promoting vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, interfering with nitric oxide synthesis, and delaying endothelial repair, thereby accelerating atherosclerosis development (Tullio et al., 2013

Moreover, the causes of IBS symptoms can vary considerably between individuals, so even if several persons symptoms are similar, theres no guarantee a single therapy will work for all of them